henry james biography

Henry James: A Biography

Henry james (1843 –1916).

Henry James is regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. He is noted for writing from a character’s point of view’ which allowed him to explore consciousness and perception. His imaginative use of point of view, interior monologue and unreliable narrators brought a new depth to narrative fiction, all of which were influential on the writing of the novelists who followed him. He was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature three times.

James is often thought of as an English rather than an American writer. He emigrated to England and lived there for many years, becoming a UK citizen a year before his death. His work was not particularly well received by critics in either country during his lifetime, although his novels are now regarded as being among the finest in the English language. The criticism levelled at him then, and for the period after his death, was harsh. Some complained about what they saw as James’s squeamishness in the treatment of sex, others dismissed his style as difficult and obscure, relying heavily on extremely long sentences and indigestible latinate language.  Oscar Wilde criticised him for writing “fiction as if it were a painful duty”. Jorge Lois Borges wrote about him, “Despite the scruples and delicate complexities of James his work suffers from a major defect: the absence of life.” Virginia Woolf wrote to Lytton Strachey and asked, “Please tell me what you find in Henry James. … we have his works here, and I read, and I can’t find anything but faintly tinged rose water, urbane and sleek, but vulgar and pale as Walter Lamb. Is there really any sense in it?” Colm Toibin wrote: “James never really wrote about the English very well. His English characters don’t work for me.”

However, James is now valued for his psychological and moral realism, his masterful creation of character, his playful humour, and his command of the language.  Although James is still difficult to read, mainly due to his long, complex sentences and criticised still by some writers, for example Martin Amis, who wrote about “the arctic labyrinth known as Late James,” another writer, Adam Mars-Jones more charitably observed: “Those long sentences were tracts of prose in which James could play, sing…”

During the late 20 th century James  reached an ever-widening audience. His works were translated into several languages, and he is now recognized as one of the most subtle craftsmen ever to practice the art of the novel.

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Henry James

Introduction, general overviews.

• Reference Works and Bibliographies
• Journals, Websites, Scholarly Societies
• Biographies
• Collected Editions
• Shorter Fiction
• Writings on Literature, Art, Travel, Culture, and Politics
• Autobiographies and Notebooks
• Correspondence
• Bibliographies of Secondary Criticism
• Collections of Essays
• General Studies
• Short Stories and Novellas
• Jamesian Theatricality, Drama, and Adaptations
• James’s Nonfiction
• Historicizing Henry James
• Twelve Indispensable Texts for James Studies

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Henry James by Daniel Mark Fogel LAST REVIEWED: 18 January 2022 LAST MODIFIED: 24 July 2018 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199827251-0172

Henry James (b. 1843–d. 1916) was born in New York City fifteen months after his brother William, the philosopher and psychologist, and five years before his sister, Alice, a brilliant diarist; two other brothers, Garth Wilkinson (Wilky) and Robertson, were born between Henry and Alice. Drawing on inherited wealth, their parents, religious philosopher Henry James Sr. and Mary Walsh James, raised their family in a peripatetic fashion that revolved, by the time James was twenty-one, through New York City, Newport (Rhode Island), and Boston, and three European sojourns in England, France, Switzerland, and Germany (1843–1845, 1855–1858, and 1859–1860). James was educated irregularly at various schools and by private tutors. After a year (1862–1863) studying law at Harvard, he devoted himself to writing, publishing his first story in 1864. His prodigious oeuvre includes twenty novels, 112 short stories and novellas, extensive literary and art criticism, voluminous travel essays, a biography and two volumes of autobiography, sixteen plays, and materials published after his death, including two more unfinished novels; a third, unfinished autobiographical volume; his working notebooks; and much, but not yet all, of a vast correspondence. His first trips on his own to Europe were passionate pilgrimages to England and the Continent (1869–1870, 1872–1874); after an extended stay in Paris (1875–1876), he began his lifelong residence in England in December 1876. Appalled by the failure of the United States to enter World War I on England’s side, he became a British citizen in 1915. James never married but enjoyed a huge network of friendships with American, English, French, and Italian writers, painters, sculptors, actors, actresses, directors and producers, society hostesses, clerics, academics, politicians, statesmen, and military commanders, bespeaking a cosmopolitanism unmatched by any other canonical American writer. His influence as a literary artist extends from contemporaries and personal friends such as Edith Wharton and Joseph Conrad through such successors among the high Modernists as T. S. Eliot, Ford Madox Ford, and Virginia Woolf to our own contemporaries, including Cynthia Ozick, Phillip Roth, Alan Hollinghurst, David Lodge, and Colm Toibin, among many others. A foundational figure in the theory of fiction, “Henry James” as literary and cultural construct has become a rich field of play for critical theories and interpretive approaches of every stripe. Given James’s immense productivity and the ever-expanding scholarship on his life and work, this bibliographical article focuses on essential starting points for students and teachers of Henry James.

Critical biographies by Edel, Kaplan, and Hutchison (see Biographies ) provide the best general overviews of James’s life and work. Robert L. Gale’s Henry James Encyclopedia addresses all aspects of James’s life and work (see Reference Works and Bibliographies ). Gard 2013 surveys and reprints extensive extracts of critical responses to James from 1866 to 1922; Hayes 2011 reprints more reviews than Gard, but only on the novels, The American Scene and The Two Magics (which included The Turn of the Screw ); and Simon 2007 provides an analytic commentary on the history of responses to James from the beginnings to the early 21st century. Beyond Simon, the best overviews of criticism and scholarship of James are the annual Henry James chapters in American Literary Scholarship and a variety of collections of essays by many hands. Fogel 1993 includes twenty essays by as many authors on the history of criticism of James’s work, on James’s own contributions to literary and narrative theory, and on his fiction and nonfiction. Zacharias 2008 offers a rich survey by many hands of critical and scholarly approaches to James in the first decade of the 21st century. Three other recent collections of essays of considerable value as overviews of current approaches to Henry James are a third “companion,” Freedman 1998 , Rowe and Haralson 2012 , and McWhirter 2010 , all of which demonstrate through their contributors’ trenchant essays why James remains a central and increasingly provocative figure from the perspective of an array of contemporary approaches to literary study and theory.

Elderberry, B. R., Jr., William T. Stafford, Robert L. Gale, Richard A. Hocks, Greg Zacharias, and Sarah B. Daugherty. “Henry James.” In American Literary Scholarship . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1963–.

An annual, and invaluable, review-essay on the year’s work in James studies.

Fogel, Daniel Mark, ed. A Companion to Henry James Studies . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Collects twenty original essays addressing James’s critical reception, his importance as a literary critic and theorist, and his fiction, plays, nonfiction, journals, and correspondence. Includes annotated chronological lists of James’s principal publications in book form and of landmarks of James criticism.

Freedman, Jonathan, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Henry James . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Fascinating and useful collection of a dozen original essays (a few focused on single works) that situates James in his own historical moment and in the context of a modernity he anticipated in his fiction no less than in his powerful forays into literary and cultural theory.

Gard, Roger, ed. Henry James: The Critical Heritage . London: Routledge, 2013.

Nearly 600 pages of reprints of critical responses to James’s oeuvre from the beginning of James’s career to 1922, including James’s short stories and novellas as well as the novels. First published 1968.

Hayes, Kevin J., ed. Henry James: The Critical Reviews . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Narrower (restricted largely to James’s novels) but deeper (reprints many more reviews, generally in full) than Gard.

McWhirter, David, ed. Henry James in Context . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Forty-one original essays cover the waterfront, from James’s social, cultural, and political contexts in his own time (e.g., Martha Banta on “The Twentieth-Century World [1901–1916]”) to current hot topics in James studies (e.g., Jessica Berman, Stuart Culver, Kenneth Warren, and Hugh Stevens on, respectively, “Cosmopolitanism,” “Law,” “Race,” and “Sexualities and Sexology”).

Rowe, John Carlos and Eric Haralson, eds. A Historical Guide to Henry James . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

New essays by several hands situate James in relation to social, political, and cultural concerns of the 21st century. Linda Simon’s bibliographical essay provides a précis of her book, Simon 2007 .

Simon, Linda. The Critical Reception of Henry James: Creating a Master . Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2007.

An intelligent synthesis providing an overview of critical responses to James, including chapters on Leon Edel’s Henry James and its influence, on “Jamesian Consciousness,” and on “Gender, Sexuality, Intimacy.”

Zacharias, Greg W., ed. A Companion to Henry James . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

Twenty-eight original essays by leading American, British, and European scholars on a range of topics, including James’s fiction and criticism; his relationship to the United States, England, France, and Italy; his letters; the James family; and James and film.

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Henry James Biography

by EILeditor · Published March 19, 2019 · Updated September 4, 2020

Henry James (1843–1916⁠), American author, was born in New York on the 15th of April 1843. His father was Henry James (1811–1882), a theological writer of great originality, from whom both he and his brother, Professor William James, derived their psychological subtlety and their idiomatic, picturesque English. Most of Henry’s boyhood was spent in Europe, where he studied under tutors in England, France and Switzerland.

Best Known Writings

In 1860 he returned to America, and began reading law at Harvard, only to find speedily that literature, not law, was what he most cared for. His earliest short tale, “The Story of a Year,” appeared in 1865, in the Atlantic Monthly , and frequent stories and sketches followed. In 1869 he again went to Europe, where he subsequently made his home, for the most part living in London, or at Rye in Sussex, and became a proliferate writer.

Among his specially noteworthy works are the following: Watch and Ward (1871); Roderick Hudson (1875); The American (1877); Daisy Miller (1878); French Poets and Novelists (1878); A Life of Hawthorne (1879); The Portrait of a Lady (1881); Portraits of Places (1884); The Bostonians (1886); Partial Portraits (1888); The Tragic Muse (1890); Essays in London (1893); The Two Magics (1898); The Awkward Age (1898); The Wings of the Dove (1902); The Ambassadors (1903); The Golden Bowl (1904); English Hours (1905); The American Scene (1907); The High Bid (1909); Italian Hours (1909).

Writing Genre

As a novelist, Henry James is a modern of the moderns both in subject matter and in method. He is entirely loyal to contemporary life and reverentially exact in his transcription of the phase. His characters are, for the most part, people of the world who conceive of life as a fine art and have the leisure to carry out their theories. Rarely are they at close quarters with any ugly practical task. They are subtle and complex with the subtlety and the complexity that come from conscious preoccupation with themselves. They are specialists in conduct and past masters in casuistry, and are full of variations and shadows of turning. Moreover, they are finely expressive of milieu ; each belongs unmistakably to his class and his race; each is true to inherited moral traditions and delicately illustrative of some social code.

To reveal the power and the tragedy of life through so many minutely limiting and apparently artificial conditions, and by means of characters who are somewhat self-conscious and are apt to make of life only a pleasant pastime, might well seem an impossible task. Yet it is precisely in this that Henry James is pre-eminently successful. The essentially human is what he really cares for, however much he may at times seem preoccupied with the technique of his art or with the mask of conventions through which he makes the essentially human reveal itself. Nor has “the vista of the spiritual been denied him.” No more poignant spiritual tragedy has been recounted in recent fiction than the story of Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a Lady .

Doubtless, there is a certain initiation necessary for the enjoyment of Henry James. He presupposes a cosmopolitan outlook, a certain interest in art and in social artifice, and no little abstract curiosity about the workings of the human mechanism. But for speculative readers, for readers who care for art in life as well as for life in art, and for readers above all who want to encounter and comprehend a great variety of very modern and finely modulated characters, Mr. James holds a place of his own, unrivaled as an interpreter of the world of to-day. American writer Willa Cather referred to Henry James as a “mighty master of language and keen student of human actions and motives.”

Other Writings

Apart from the many stories and novels he published in the  Atlantic , James wrote a copious number of reviews, many of them unsigned. Along with those of Howells and other  Atlantic  critics such as J. T. Trowbridge, E. P. Whipple, Barrett Wendell, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, James’s reviews helped to formalize the aesthetics of literary studies.

An  Atlantic  reviewer of James’s  Partial Portraits (1888) — which includes chapters on Emerson , Trollope, and Robert Louis Stevenson , as well as his landmark essay “The Art of Fiction” — called him an excellent “talker about books. . . . His knowledge is of the fullest, his resources of allusion and comparison are endless, [and] his demarcation of different schools of literature is exact.” James seemed “so perfectly at home in criticism,” said another reviewer, that he found it hard to remember he was also a productive novelist. James saw the “critic’s first duty” to be finding “some key to method, some utterance of his literary convictions, some indication of his ruling theory.” Looking at books from both a reader’s and a writer’s point of view, he shared with other Atlantic reviewers the belief that art and criticism went hand in hand.

Additional Resources

For a list of the short stories of Mr. Henry James, collections of them in volume form, and other works, see bibliographies by F. A. King, in The Novels of Henry James , by Elisabeth L. Cary (New York and London, 1905), and by Le Roy Phillips, A Bibliography of the Writings of Henry James (Boston, Mass., 1906). In 1909 an édition de luxe of Henry James’s novels was published in 24 volumes.

Henry James was made famous by his numerous writings being published in the Atlantic Monthly . Henry James and the American Idea describes his relationship with the magazine.

Additional study resources available in the Library of America bookstore.

When will you read Henry James’s writing in Excellence in Literature?

You will study Henry James in EIL Unit 3  (American Literature) , where Daisy Miller is an optional reading for the Honors track of American Literature Module 3.7.

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