how do you quote shakespeare in an essay

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How to Cite Shakespeare

Last Updated: January 1, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Michelle Golden, PhD . Michelle Golden is an English teacher in Athens, Georgia. She received her MA in Language Arts Teacher Education in 2008 and received her PhD in English from Georgia State University in 2015. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 340,568 times.

Shakespeare’s works follow a unique citation method that is specific to them. All citations are done parenthetically, which means that they appear within the text of your paper inside parentheses. There is certain information that must be included in citations of plays, including the act, scene and line numbers. Format them properly so that your reader knows exactly where your quoted material comes from.

Including Parenthetical Citations

• Don’t use quotation marks for paraphrased material.

• Cite this quote as it appears in the original source, such as: Much Ado About Nothing (2.3.217–24).

Formatting Parenthetical Citations

• Separate each of these numbers with a period.

• Most modern scholars prefer using Arabic numbers, but both formats are acceptable. [5] X Research source
• Write upper-case Roman numerals (I, II, III, etc.) for the play’s act number. Use lower-case Roman numerals for the scene number (i, ii, iii, etc.). For example, (IV.ii.56–57).

• If the range of line numbers is under 100, write: 66–84.
• If the range of line numbers is over 100, write: 122–34.
• If the range of line numbers extends from under 100 to over 100, write: 90–104.
• Put an en dash between the line numbers. This dash is slightly longer than a hyphen but not as long as a dash.

• In MLA format, write: (Shakespeare 3.4.40)

• For example, the citation for a stage direction would read: 3.4.40.1. This means that the stage direction is at Line 1 after Line 40. [9] X Research source

• When citing fewer than four lines of verse, you will use quotation marks around the quoted material. Then write the parenthetical citation, and follow that with punctuation (a period, for example).
• When citing four or more lines, you will use a block quote. There are no quotation marks, and the ending punctuation (a period, for example) will go at the end of the last line. Then include the parenthetical citation.

Quoting Shakespeare in the Text

• Othello recalls, "Upon this hint I spake: / She lov'd me for the dangers I had pass'd, / And I lov'd her that she did pity them" (I.iii.166–168). In this option, you need to include quotation marks where the spoken passage begins.
• ”OTHELLO: Upon this hint I spake: / She lov'd me for the dangers I had pass'd, / And I lov'd her that she did pity them” (I.iii.166–168). In this option, include quotation marks before you name the character, since this is how the name appears in the text.

• For example, write: “OTHELLO: Upon this hint I spake: / She lov'd me for the dangers I had pass'd, / And I lov'd her that she did pity them” (I.iii.166–168). [13] X Research source
• If you are quoting prose, then omit the slash and instead use a comma.

• Indent one inch from the left margin. The entire block quote will be set apart from the rest of your paper. Indent every line of the block quote one inch from the left-hand margin.
• Omit quotation marks. Block quotes are set apart from the rest of your text. Therefore, you do not need to set them apart by using quotation marks. [16] X Research source
• For example: Hippolyta, I woo'd thee with my sword, And won thy love, doing thee injuries; But I will wed thee in another key, With pomp, with triumph and with revelling. (1.1.19–22)

• If you are quoting prose, then you don’t need to preserve the line breaks. These will differ depending on the publication in which the work appears.

• Indent one inch on the first line and include the first character’s name in capital letters. Follow the name with a period. Then add a space and start the character’s dialogue. When you need to start a new line, indent an additional ¼ inch (putting this line one and ¼ inches from the left margin).
• Start a new line when another character speaks. Again, put this character’s name in capital letters and follow it with a period. Add a space and start the character’s dialogue.
• Include the parenthetical citation at the very end of the dialogue block.
• For example: HAMLET. No, by the rood, not so: You are the queen, your husband's brother's wife: And--would it were not so!--you are my mother. QUEEN. Nay, then, I'll set those to you that can speak. (3.4.14-17)

Including a Works Cited Page

• Depending on the citation style, the works cited page may be called a “bibliography” or a “references” page.
• Don’t just list the play that you’re citing. You need to indicate the publication in which the play appears.
• Alphabetize the works cited page.
• Shakespeare, William. “The Comedy of Errors.” The Oxford Anthology of Tudor Drama. Ed. Greg Walker. Oxford, UK: Oxford U P, 2014. 682-722. Print.
• Shakespeare, William. Love Poems and Sonnets of William Shakespeare. New York: Doubleday, 1991. Print.
• Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Ed. Jill L. Levenson. New York: Oxford U P, 2000.
• Hamlet. By William Shakespeare. Dir. Dominic Dromgoole and Bill Buckhurs. Shakespeare's Globe, London. 25 April 2014. Performance.

• Each style is slightly different in terms of format. Follow one style for your entire paper.

• Align each entry on the left.

Community Q&A

• Italicize or underline the work’s title. It is important that you make the distinction in your paper between the title of a play and a character’s name. Many of these are one and the same, such as Richard III. [19] X Research source For example, for the title of the play, write: Macbeth . Do not underline or italicize if you are talking about the character of Macbeth. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/cite/
• ↑ http://drmarkwomack.com/mla-style/how-to-quote/quote-shakespeare/
• ↑ https://guides.library.duq.edu/c.php?g=983278&p=7124608
• ↑ https://libguides.css.edu/APA7thEd/APAFAQs
• ↑ https://bu.digication.com/wr100h2/Citation_Resources
• ↑ http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/shakespeare/mla.html
• ↑ http://lib.pstcc.edu/c.php?g=106731&p=693753

About This Article

To cite Shakespeare, use parenthetical citations that include the act, scene, and line numbers at the end of the related passages. Be sure to cite both direct quotes and paraphrased sections! Remember to pull direct quotes from Shakespeare's original works rather than books about his works. When quoting a passage, always indicate which character is speaking by introducing them in your own writing, or including their name in capital letters at the beginning of the verse. To learn more from our English Ph.D. co-author, like how to include Shakespeare in a Works Cited page, keep reading the article! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How To Cite Shakespeare In MLA – Format With Examples

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For those engaged in academic pursuits involving his timeless plays and sonnets, understanding how to cite Shakespeare in MLA is essential. The MLA style offers a meticulous and standardized approach to referencing Shakespearean works, ensuring precision and consistency in acknowledging his literary genius. This article provides thorough explanations of the format of citing Shakespeare and gives multiple examples to help you understand how to cite Shakespeare in MLA.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 In a nutshell: How to cite Shakespeare in MLA
• 2 Definition: How to cite Shakespeare in MLA
• 3 How to cite Shakespeare in MLA: Collection
• 4 How to cite Shakespeare in MLA: Multiple plays
• 5 How to cite Shakespeare in MLA: Quotations

In a nutshell: How to cite Shakespeare in MLA

• Cite Shakespeare in MLA using the act, verse, and line numbers instead of page numbers
• Use slashes (/) when quoting three or fewer verse lines, and set them as a block quote for more than three lines of verse.
• You must include the collection’s name, editor, and publisher if you are referencing the play from a collection or an anthology.

Definition: How to cite Shakespeare in MLA

Shakespeare’s works have numbered lines, scenes, and acts that you should use in your MLA citations instead of page numbers. The entries in the Works Cited section vary depending on the source you are citing. The table below shows how to cite Shakespeare in MLA.

How to cite Shakespeare in MLA: Collection

When referencing a collection of several or all of Shakespeare’s works but only citing one of them, you can specify the actual work in the Works Cited entry. You will need to provide the title of the specific work and information on the collection.

It is essential to note that since these works would usually be standalone, the titles are italicized . The table below shows how to cite Shakespeare in MLA for a play from a collection.

If you are citing numerous of Shakespeare’s works, arrange them by title, alphabetically. After the first “Shakespeare, William,” replace his name with s series of three em dashes .

How to cite Shakespeare in MLA: Multiple plays

If you are citing more than one of Shakespeare’s plays, MLA recommends starting every in-text citation with an italicized abbreviation of the play’s title.

The first time you use an abbreviation for a play’s title, introduce it thoroughly, and then you can use it in the following citations of the play.

Shakespeare’s Othello ( Oth. ) is a play about…( Oth. 2.6.49)

Below is an example of how to cite Shakespeare in MLA after the first mention when using a multi-word title.

Midsummer to replace A Midsummer Night’s Dream after you first mention it.

How to cite Shakespeare in MLA: Quotations

The guidelines on how to cite Shakespeare in MLA vary depending on the quotation type. i.e., a verse or a dialogue, as highlighted below.

Quoting a verse

Treat it like a typical quote if you are quoting up to three lines from a poem or play and use a forward slash to indicate a new line (/). Below is an example of how to cite Shakespeare in MLA for a verse of up to three lines.

Melun implores them to “Unthread the rude eye of rebellion, / And welcome home again discarded faith” ( Jn. 5.4.11–12).

Indicate a stanza break in the quotation using a double slash (//). Below is an example of how to cite Shakespeare in MLA when indicating a stanza break.

Shakespeare refers to a man who “desires to know / , in brief, the grounds and motives of her woe. // So slides he down upon his grainèd bat” ( LC  62–64).

If you are quoting a verse of four lines or more, you will need to format it as a block quote and indent the quotation. Below is an example of how to cite Shakespeare in MLA for a verse in four or more lines.

All the world’s a stage

And all the men and women merely players:

They have their exits and their entrances;

And one man in his time plays many parts,

His acts being seven ages ( AYL 2.7.138-42) .

The example above demonstrates how to cite Shakespeare in MLA while maintaining the original spacing.

Quoting a dialogue

Present dialogue from two or more characters as a block quote. Here are some guidelines on how to cite Shakespeare in MLA when quoting a dialogue:

• Start every part of the dialogue with the name of the character indented one inch from the left margin.
• Write the name in all capital letters.
• Write a period after the name, and then start the quotation
• For all subsequent lines in the speech of the character, indent them an extra quarter inch.
• Indent a new line an inch from the left margin whenever the dialogue has shifted to another character.
• Keep the pattern throughout the entire quotation.

The example below shows how to cite Shakespeare in MLA when quoting a dialogue.

How to cite multiple Shakespeare plays in MLA?

If you’re citing multiple Shakespeare plays, start the in-text citation with an abbreviation of the title and ensure that you give each play its entry in the Works Cited section.

How to cite Shakespeare in MLA for more than two lines?

Use a forward slash (/) if the lines are in verse. However, if they are lines of prose, you do not need to separate them with a slash.

How to cite Shakespeare in MLA when using abbreviations?

The MLA style guide demonstrates how to cite Shakespeare in MLA when abbreviating the play’s name instead of shortening the title yourself.

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How to Use Shakespeare Quotes

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You can make your essays interesting by adding a famous quote, and there is no source more illustrious than Shakespeare to quote! However, many students feel intimidated at the thought of quoting Shakespeare. Some fear that they may use the quote in the wrong context; others may worry about using the quote verbatim and missing the precise meaning, owing to the archaic Shakespearean expressions. Navigating these difficulties is possible, and your writing may be greatly enhanced if you use quotes from Shakespeare with skill and attribute the quotes correctly. 

Find the Right Shakespeare Quote

You can refer to your favorite resources, found in your school library, a public library, or your favorite content destinations on the Internet. With all theater quotations, make sure that you use a reliable source that gives you complete attribution, which includes the name of the author, the play title, the act , and the scene number.

Using the Quote

You will find that the language used in Shakespeare plays have archaic expressions that were used during the Elizabethan era . If you are unfamiliar with this language, you run the risk of not using the quote correctly. To avoid making mistakes, be sure to use the quote verbatim—in exactly the same words as in the original source.

Quoting From Verses and Passages

Shakespeare plays have many beautiful verses; it's up to you to find an appropriate verse for your essay. One way to ensure an impactful quote is to ensure that the verse you choose does not leave the idea unfinished. Here are some tips for quoting Shakespeare:

• If you are quoting verse and it runs longer than four lines, you must write the lines one below the other as you do when you write poetry. However, if the verse is one to four lines long, you should use the line division symbol (/) to indicate the beginning of the next line. Here is an example: Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, / Too rude, too boisterous; and it pricks like thorn ( Romeo and Juliet , Act I, Sc. 5, line 25).
• If you are quoting prose , then there is no need for line divisions. However, to effectively represent the quote, it is beneficial to first provide the contextual relevance of the quote and then proceed to quote the passage. Context helps your reader to understand the quote and to better grasp the message that you wish to convey by using that quote, but you should exercise caution when deciding how much information to supply. Sometimes students give a brief synopsis of the play to make their Shakespeare quote sound relevant to their essay, but it is better to provide short, focused background information. Here is a writing example in which a small amount of context, provided before a quote, improves its impact:

Miranda, daughter of Prospero, and the King of Naples' son, Ferdinand, are to get married. While Prospero is not optimistic about the arrangement, the couple, Miranda and Ferdinand, are looking forward to their union. In this quote, we see the exchange of viewpoints between Miranda and Prospero: "Miranda: How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't! Prospero: 'Tis new to thee." ( The Tempest , Act V, Sc. 1, lines 183–184)

Attribution

No formal Shakespeare quote is complete without its attribution. For a Shakespeare quote, you need to provide the play title, followed by act, scene, and, often, line numbers. It is a good practice to italicize the title of the play.

In order to ensure that the quote is used in the right context, it is important to reference the quote appropriately. That means you must mention the character's name who made the statement. Here is an example:

In the play Julius Caesar , the relationship of the husband-wife duo (Brutus and Portia), brings out the conniving nature of Portia, in startling contrast to Brutus' gentleness: "You are my true and honourable wife;/As dear to me as are the ruddy drops/That visit my sad heart." ( Julius Caesar , Act II, Sc. 1)

Length of the Quote

Avoid using long quotes. Long quotes dilute the essence of the point. In case you have to use a specific long passage, it is better to paraphrase the quote.

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How to Cite Shakespeare in MLA Works Cited

Acts, scenes and lines, oh my! You must be figuring out how to cite Shakespeare in your MLA paper. When it comes to Shakespeare in your MLA citation , creating quotes, in-text citations and formatting works cited entries is all about style. To make sure your style is “A” worthy, get the step-by-step instructions for creating all your Shakespeare citations from “Hamlet” to “Romeo and Juliet.” 

How to Quote Shakespeare in MLA

When it comes to Shakespeare quotes in MLA style , you have to first decide if you have a short quote or a long quote. Check out how to create each one.

Creating Short Quotes

A short Shakespeare quote is less than three lines. Your quote will be in quotation marks and use a forward slash (/) to break up lines.

Example With One Line: 

In “Hamlet,” Shakespeare says, “To be, or not to be: that is the question.”

Line Break Example: 

Shakespeare states, “By the pricking of my thumbs, / Something wicked this way comes.”

Creating Long Quotes

If you need to cite a long quote, you’ll use a block quote format. This means that you’ll indent the entire quote five spaces.

Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more, Men were deceivers ever,- One foot in sea and one on shore, To one thing constant never.

Citing Shakespeare Dialogue in MLA

For dialogue, you’ll also use block quote format and capitalize the speakers. You’ll also create a hanging indent on dialogue that goes into a second line. Check out an example to see this in action.

HAMLET: Ay, madam, it is common QUEEN GERTRUDE: If it be, Why seems it so particular with thee?

Creating In-Text Citations for Works by Shakespeare

When creating in-text or  parenthetical citations for Shakespeare in MLA, remember to list the following:

When formatting your in-text citations, keep these points in mind:

• Italicize the title of the play.
• Do not include page numbers.
• Do not place a comma after the title of the play.
• Separate the act, scene and lines with periods.
• Enclose your citation in parentheses.

( Romeo and Juliet 2.2.383-386)

• Play: Romeo and Juliet
• Lines: 383-386

Use the full title of play in the first in-text citation. Then, you can abbreviate it in subsequent citations, like so:

( Rom . 2.2. 383-386)

If you are writing about only one play, use the author’s name in the citation rather than the title of the play.

(Shakespeare 2.2. 383-386)

MLA Abbreviations for Shakespeare

Since the  works of William Shakespeare are cited frequently, MLA style requires using abbreviations for in-text (parenthetical) citations. Use the full name in the first parenthetical citation, then abbreviate for subsequent mentions. Abbreviations are created by shortening the title to its primary noun phrase.

List of Abbreviations for Common Shakespeare Works

For the full list of abbreviations, refer to the MLA Handbook Eighth Edition, pages 100-101.

How to Cite Shakespeare in the Works Cited

Creating works cited entries for Shakespeare’s works follows the same MLA 8 rules as any other similar work.

Citing Sources Written by Shakespeare

Follow the guidelines for citing a play published as a book using the MLA core elements. Elements 3 to 9 are within the container.

• Title of Source,
• Title of Container,
• Other Contributors,
• Publication date,

Works Cited Example:

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Play . Editor or Translator. Publisher, Publication Date, Location.

Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing . Ed. John F. Cox. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Google Books.

Anthology Example:

If you are citing a play published in an anthology, follow this format:

Shakespeare, William. “Romeo and Juliet.” An Oxford Anthology of Shakespeare . Ed. Stanley Wells. Oxford University Press, 1989. 250-260.

Citing Sources Written About Shakespeare

In addition to citing works by Shakespeare himself, you will likely also reference sources written about Shakespeare. This follows the standard MLA style.

Dawson, Anthony B., and Paul Yachnin, eds. William Shakespeare: Richard II . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Hamlet MLA Citation Examples

Now that you know how to cite Shakespeare, it is time to watch it in action. View how “Hamlet” quotes would look in-text and in your works cited.

In-Text Citation: 

“Well, good night / If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, / The rivals of my watch, did them make haste.” ( Hamlet  1.1. 14-15)

Works Cited Citation: 

Shakespeare, William. Hamlet . Ed. George Richard Hibbard. Oxford University Press, 2008. Google Books.

Useful Resource About Shakespeare

Creating works cited entries for works about Shakespeare and his plays follows the same pattern as any other author. Use the MLA container system and follow the core elements to organize your sources correctly. Now that you have the know-how, give it a try.

Organizing a MLA Works Cited List

Creating Anthology MLA Works Cited Entries

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